What Are Families in Which Both Partners Work
The ascension of the dual-earner family with children
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Release date: May 30, 2016
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More than and more Canadian families with children are finding that two incomes are meliorate than one, equally an increasing number of women have opted to join the workforce.
The number of Canadian families with two employed parents has almost doubled in the terminal 40 years—from 1.0 1000000 to one.9 one thousand thousand families, from 1976 to 2015. Over that period, the proportion of families where just one parent earned a paycheque vicious by more than half, dropping from 59% to 27%. In plow, the proportion of dual-income families has nearly doubled, from 36% to 69%.
Description for Nautical chart 1
| 1976 | 2015 | |
|---|---|---|
| Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Strength Survey, 1976 and 2015. | ||
| Dual earners | 35.nine | 69.4 |
| Unmarried earners | 58.6 | 26.nine |
| Not-earners | 5.4 | 3.7 |
Women join the labour strength
Much of the impetus behind the change was spurred by the increasing participation of women in the workforce. From 1976 to 2015, women's employment charge per unit increased from 47% to 69%. The increase in female employment rates has led to notable changes in the employment construction of families, specially throughout the 1980s and 1990s.
The increase has been driven mainly by changes in cultural attitudes, an increment in women's didactics levels and general labour market weather. Other factors, such as flexible piece of work arrangements (for instance, part-time piece of work) and family support (child-care subsidies, child benefits and paid parental leave) accept as well contributed to changes in the labour-force participation rates of women.
Uneven growth in the number of dual-earner families
Although the number of dual-earner families increased almost every year, some years witnessed a decline, mostly every bit a result of economic stagnation. From 1976 to 1989, the number of dual-earner couples increased by 60%. This was followed by a menses of slower growth from 1989 to 2005, when the number of families with 2 working parents increased by 15%. The period from 2005 to 2015 had the slowest growth, where the number of dual-earner families increased by only ii%.
Periods of economic slowdown led to reductions in the number of dual-earner couples. From 1981 to 1982, when the unemployment charge per unit increased from vii.6% to eleven.0%, the number of dual-earner couples declined by iv%. Similar trends were too seen from 1990 to 1992, and in 2008 and 2009.
Description for Chart ii
| thousands | |
|---|---|
| Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey, 1976 to 2015. | |
| 1976 | 1,021 |
| 1977 | i,054 |
| 1978 | one,114 |
| 1979 | 1,172 |
| 1980 | 1,226 |
| 1981 | ane,272 |
| 1982 | 1,219 |
| 1983 | one,239 |
| 1984 | 1,293 |
| 1985 | 1,370 |
| 1986 | 1,456 |
| 1987 | i,478 |
| 1988 | 1,567 |
| 1989 | 1,636 |
| 1990 | 1,638 |
| 1991 | one,630 |
| 1992 | i,595 |
| 1993 | i,617 |
| 1994 | 1,646 |
| 1995 | i,692 |
| 1996 | i,711 |
| 1997 | 1,752 |
| 1998 | ane,761 |
| 1999 | 1,781 |
| 2000 | 1,792 |
| 2001 | 1,785 |
| 2002 | 1,801 |
| 2003 | ane,801 |
| 2004 | 1,819 |
| 2005 | 1,884 |
| 2006 | i,853 |
| 2007 | ane,885 |
| 2008 | one,899 |
| 2009 | 1,835 |
| 2010 | 1,869 |
| 2011 | 1,854 |
| 2012 | 1,886 |
| 2013 | 1,932 |
| 2014 | 1,909 |
| 2015 | 1,926 |
Differences beyond the provinces
Across the country, in that location are differences are seen in the proportion of dual-earner families. In 1976, Alberta had the highest proportion of dual-earner couples (43% of couple families with children) followed past Ontario (42%). The Atlantic Provinces and Quebec had the lowest proportions (27% and 29%, respectively).
From 1976 to 2015, the proportion of dual-earner couples increased in all provinces, but non as. The smallest increase was in Alberta, and the largest increases in Quebec and in the Atlantic Provinces. By 2015, Alberta had the lowest proportion of dual-earner couples (64%), while Saskatchewan (74%) and Quebec (73%) had the highest proportions.
Clarification for Nautical chart 3
| 1976 | 2015 | |
|---|---|---|
| Note: The Atlantic Provinces accept been grouped together because of sample size issues. Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey, 1976 to 2015. | ||
| Saskatchewan | 39.7 | 74.1 |
| Quebec | 28.7 | 73.2 |
| Manitoba | 39.two | 70.8 |
| Atlantic Provinces | 26.ix | 69.4 |
| Canada | 36.one | 69.four |
| Ontario | 41.eight | 69.iii |
| British Columbia | 36.4 | 67.0 |
| Alberta | 42.6 | 64.i |
More parents working total fourth dimension
In 1976, it was the norm in dual-earner families for both spouses to work full time (66%), and this proportion has gone up in the decades since. By 2015, 75% of dual-earner couples with children had two full-time working parents. There was also a shift among dual-earner couples with i spouse working part-time. Families with a full-fourth dimension working husband and a role-time working wife declined from 32% to 22% as a proportion of all dual-earner couples, from 1976 to 2015. This suggests that during this time, women not only increased their labour marketplace participation, but also their piece of work intensity.
Description for Nautical chart 4
| 1976 | 2015 | |
|---|---|---|
| Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey, 1976 and 2015. | ||
| Both working full fourth dimension | 66.four | 74.7 |
| Hubby full time, wife part fourth dimension | 32.iv | 21.6 |
| Married woman total time, married man part time | 0.vii | 2.five |
| Both office time | 0.five | ane.1 |
Definitions
Dual-earner family: a husband–married woman family, with at least one kid under xvi at home, who reported that both spouses were employed during the survey reference week, either part time or full time.
Single-earner family unit: a husband–wife family unit, with at least one kid nether 16 at domicile, who reported that only i spouse was employed during the survey reference calendar week, either part time or full time, while the other was unemployed or not in the labour force.
Employment rate: the number of persons employed in a group (e.k., historic period, sex, marital condition, family type) expressed as a pct of the population for that group.
Full-fourth dimension work: refers to those who work at least 30 hours per week in their main job;
Part-time work: refers to those who piece of work less than 30 hours per week.
References
Bakery, M., J. Gruber and K. Milligan. 2008. "Universal childcare, maternal labor supply and family unit well-being." Periodical of Political Economy. Vol. 116, no. 4. Baronial. p. 709-745.
Connelly, R. 1992. "The effect of kid care costs on married women's labor forcefulness participation." The Review of Economic science and Statistics. Vol. 74, no. 1. February. p. 83-90.
Jaumotte, F. 2004. Labour Force Participation of Women: Empirical Evidence on the Part of Policy and Other Determinants in OECD Countries. OECD Economic Studies. No. 37. 2003/2. p. 51-108.
Milligan, K. 2014. "The Road to egalitaria: Sexual practice differences in employment for parents of young children." CESifo Economical Studies. Vol. 60, no. 2. June. p. 257-279.
Marshall, Yard. 1998. Stay-at-domicile dads. Perspectives on Labour and Income. Vol. 10, no. 1. Jump. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-XPE. p. 9-xv.
Uppal, S. 2015. Employment patterns of families with children. Insights on Canadian Society. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-006-X, June.
Contact information
To enquire about the concepts, methods or information quality of this release, contact Sharanjit Uppal (Sharanjit.Uppal@canada.ca; 613-854-3482), Labour Statistics Division.
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